Beginning of the second stage of G.v. connected with the change in the international situation in Europe. Germany and its allies were defeated in the First World War. The revolution began in Germany, the government Wilhelm II was overthrown. In this situation, German, Austrian and Turkish troops began to leave Russia. On the territory left by them, new states were formed - Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, as a rule, oriented towards the Entente countries in their policy. In particular, in Ukraine, having overthrown the pro-German hetman Skoropadsky , nationalists seized power, led by S. Pelyura.

November 13, 1918 Soviet Russia denounced the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and launched an offensive in the west. Under their control was a significant part of the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine. In order to prevent the further advance of the Reds, the Entente countries decided to send additional military contingents to Russia. The English and French fleet entered the Black Sea and landed troops in Odessa, Sevastopol, Novorossiysk, Batum and other cities.

The financial and military assistance of the allies contributed to the consolidation of the forces of the White movement. November 18, 1918. War Minister of the Siberian Government Admiral A.V. Kolchak carried out a military coup and declared himself supreme ruler Russia. He mobilized into his 400,000th army and began to prepare an offensive.

Significant success was achieved by the Reds in the south. Having broken through the front of the Don army, they rushed deep into the territory Don troops. Only the transfer of part of the Volunteer Army from the Caucasus stopped the advance of the Reds. After that, the Cossack troops obeyed Denikin, forming 100,000 Armed Forces of the South of Russia.

4. The third stage of the Civil War (March 1919 - spring 1920).

It was the most difficult and decisive period of the war. It started in March 1919 from the offensive of Kolchak's troops throughout eastern front. The Whites were able to take Ufa and reach the Volga.

The Soviet government announced a new mobilization for the eastern front ("Everyone to fight Kolchak!"). A talented commander stood at the head of the Red armies M.V. Frunze. Taking advantage of the numerical superiority of the Bolshevik troops at the end April 1919 went on the counteroffensive. In June 1919 red 25 rifle division IN AND. Chapaeva took Ufa. In the rear of the Kolchak troops, uprisings of peasants began, dissatisfied with the authorities' attempt to return the lands to the former owners. This led to the beginning of the retreat of the white troops.

AT May 1919. general's white army based in Estonia N.N. Yudenich launched an attack on Petrograd. The mobilization of the Petrograd workers doubled the Red Army troops in this sector. Yudenich's three attempts to take Petrograd failed. AT October 1919 the Reds went on the offensive and pushed the White troops back to Estonia.

After the failure of Kolchak, Denikin's army in the Don and Kuban became the main force of the white movement. AT June 1919 white managed to take Tsaritsyn, Kharkiv, Yekaterinoslav, Odessa . AT July 1919 Denikin issued a directive on the offensive against Moscow. Summer 1919 the Soviet leadership declared the southern front to be the main one (“Everything to fight against Denikin”). The transfer of troops from other fronts began here.

Nonetheless, in September 1919 White troops took Kursk, Orel, Voronezh, approached Tula. Here their progress was stopped. Ukrainian nationalists opposed Denikin, who fought under the slogan "one and indivisible Russia". Forces in the rear "fathers" Makhno , the workers of Donbass rebelled. Taking advantage of this, the Reds again managed to recapture Orel, Voronezh, Kharkov, Tsaritsyn. In these battles, the First Cavalry Army, led by CM. Budyonny .

Early 1920 was the time of the defeat of the white armies. January 6, 1920 was captured not far from Yekaterinburg and Admiral Kolchak was soon shot. Denikin's troops were defeated and retreated to the Crimea. There Denikin surrendered his powers to the general P.N. Wrangel and went into exile in France. AT February-March 1920 the Bolsheviks took control Arkhangelsk and Murmansk by defeating the general's army E.K. Miller.

Civil War 1917-1922 continues to be one of the most important events in national history. The historiography of this problem includes more than 20,000 books, dissertations, and scientific articles. At the same time, it should be noted that many of our contemporaries have formed ambiguous and often distorted ideas about this tragic page in history.

Why did the civil war start in Russia? What are its reasons? Who is responsible for unleashing it? The answers to these questions are ambiguous. Taking into account the latest views of Russian historical science, we can assume that the causes of the war cannot be reduced to the guilt of any of the parties in its beginning. Its historical prerequisites should be sought in the state of Russian society before February 1917, when Russia entered a state of civil war, and the causes - in the actions or inaction of the main political forces of the country in the period from February 1917 to about the summer of 1918.

The problem of periodization of the civil war is reflected in historical literature in different ways. At present, the point of view of the leading specialists of the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of Russia, headed by Academician Yuri Aleksandrovich Polyakov, prevails, who distinguish 6 stages of this war, from February 1917 to 1922.

However, school textbooks set out a somewhat different periodization of the civil war in Russia, which I will focus on.

The beginning of the civil war is considered to be the spring - summer of 1918. One of the reasons for the start of the civil war and foreign intervention was the policy of the Soviet government: the refusal to create a coalition government, the Constituent Assembly elected by the people was dispersed, the nationalization of land, enterprises, banks, etc. began. Power pushed various social groups together.

The governments of the Entente countries and the United States, in turn, feared that the Russian revolution would have an impact on the workers of their countries, and also did not want to lose the huge amounts of money lent to the tsarist government and invested in the Russian economy.

Consider the four main stages of the civil war and intervention:

Spring - autumn 1918

In March, without a declaration of war, intervention began with the landing of British, French and American troops in Murmansk (and then in Arkhangelsk). In April 1918, Japanese troops landed in the Far East, and later British and American invaders landed in Vladivostok.

In the autumn of 1918, the entire Far East was captured by foreign troops. In the south of the country, the Turks occupied Armenia and part of Azerbaijan; the British - part of Turkmenistan and Baku; the Germans captured Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog and entered the Crimea and Georgia.

In May 1918 the Czechoslovak corps, stretched from the Volga to the Urals, began a revolt, and was supported by the Socialist-Revolutionaries and the White Guards. Thus, during the period under review, the interventionists seized power in the Volga region, in the north, the Urals, the Far East, and Siberia.

Along with the struggle against the interventionists, a war was also waged against the internal counter-revolution. In the North Caucasus, the Volunteer Army was formed under the command of Denikin, troops of the Don Cossacks, led by P.N. Krasnov, Cossacks A.K. Dutov. The White Guards did not have a single command, a number of governments were created (the strongest in Samara).

In these difficult conditions, the Bolsheviks began the formation of a regular Red Army. After the assassination attempt on Lenin, the "Red Terror" was introduced. Despite the crisis situation, by the autumn of 1918. the Bolsheviks managed to liberate the major cities - Samara, Simbirsk, Kazan, etc. The defenders of Tsaritsyn defended the city in heavy battles.

November 1918 - spring 1919

The beginning of this period was marked by a revolution in Germany, as a result of which Germany admitted defeat in the First World War. The Soviet government annulled the Brest peace treaty, and German troops were withdrawn from the territory of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic states. But the end of the World War allowed the Entente countries to intensify their actions in Russia.

However, the Entente soldiers were not interested in continuing the war and were sometimes influenced by Bolshevik ideas, as a result of which, in the spring of 1919, the Entente began to evacuate its troops and tried to rely on the White Guard generals, helping them only financially.

During this period, the power of General Denikin was strengthened in the south of the country, in the north-west - General Yudenich, in the north - General Miller, in Siberia Admiral Kolchak came to power. The Soviet government declares the Eastern Front the main front of the civil war.

Spring 1919 - Spring 1920

This year turned out to be the most difficult for the Soviet Republic. In April 1919, the Eastern Front was the main one, during the fighting the Red Army under the command of M.V. Frunze went on the offensive and practically defeated Kolchak's army (January 6, 1920, he was captured and shot).

In the summer, Denikin's army captured a large territory in the south of the country and approached Tula. The main one was the Southern Front. AI Denikin was opposed by the First Cavalry Army, Latvian troops, and peasants. In March 1920, Denikin's wax buildings were finally defeated near Novorossiysk.

Throughout the entire period, the troops of N.N. Yudenich waged war in the north of the country and tried to capture Petrograd three times, but failed each time. Yudenich's army was defeated by the Red Army.

April - March 1920

In April 1920, Poland began hostilities against Russia. In May, the Poles captured Kyiv, but these were only temporary successes. The Western and Southwestern fronts of the Red Army launched an offensive, but since they were poorly prepared, they began to suffer defeat. Both sides were unable to continue hostilities, and in March 1921 a peace treaty was signed with Poland, according to which part of Ukraine and Belarus was ceded to Poland.

Simultaneously with the Soviet-Polish war, there was a struggle in the south and in the Crimea with the army of P.N. Wrangel. The struggle lasted until November 1920, when the Southern Front under the command of M.V. Frunze finally took possession of the Crimean peninsula.

Despite the fact that the main opposing forces were red and white, the role of the so-called “green movement” (Makhno, Grigoriev, Antonov and others) cannot be ignored. But this is a special conversation.

The civil war and intervention brought much grief to the peoples of Russia, the country was devastated, about 12 million people died.

Thus, historical experience shows that civil war is easier to prevent than to stop. The civil war was generated by a complex set of social, economic, political and other contradictions and became the greatest disaster for Russia.

The reasons:

1. Dispersal of the Constituent Assembly.

2. Brest peace.

These events caused discontent, a sharp rejection of the majority of political forces from monarchists to moderate socialists.

3. Strengthening the grain monopoly. The formation of committees, the creation of emergency food detachments, and food requisitioning caused discontent among the peasants.

4. The desire of the owners to return the property nationalized by the Bolsheviks.

Anti-Soviet forces are few and far between.

Can be distinguished:

1. Army officer corps . The officers participated in the Civil War both on the side of the white movement and against it. The higher and middle officers opposed the Soviet regime.

2. Cossacks (13 Cossack troops - 1917). The Cossacks strove for an independent autonomous existence. Don, Kuban, Terek, Orenburg created their military governments, but the working class in the industrial centers, the non-Cossack population advocated Soviet power. There was an armed struggle between them.

3. "Bourgeois counter-revolution" (the Cadets, other bourgeois parties and organizations, entrepreneurs, intelligentsia, etc.).

Ataman G.M. Semenov fought against the Soviet power in Transbaikalia.

The peasant movement in the conditions of the Civil War received the greatest scope and organization in the south of Ukraine under the leadership of N.I. Makhno.

The fate of the White movement was influenced by:

1. The absence of a real agricultural program.

2. The impossibility of establishing contact with national movements.

The program of the White movement included:

- the destruction of the power of the Bolsheviks;

- restoration of a united and indivisible Russia;

- convening a people's assembly on the basis of universal suffrage, a guarantee of civil liberties and freedom of religion;

- carrying out land reform.

The white movement had a pronounced national character.

Forces Opposing the Soviets

foreign intervention Goals: 1. Suppression of the seat of revolution. 2. Maximum weakening of Russia. 3. Territorial division of the former territory of the Russian Empire. 4. The struggle for the return of invested capital in the Russian economy. Progress: March 1918: British, Canadian, Serbian troops landed in Murmansk and Arkhangelsk. April 1918: Japanese troops landed in Vladivostok (remained there until October 1922). Soviet Russia went to the creation of the Far Eastern Republic, seeking to avoid war with Japan. The government of the Far Eastern Republic made the city of Chita its capital. Turkey sent troops to the territory of Armenia and Azerbaijan. Baku captured. In the rear of Russia, the Czechoslovak Corps acted as a strike force (uprising on May 25-26, 1918 - the entire Trans-Siberian Railway was captured).

During the years of the Civil War, the Russian Orthodox Church did not officially support either the "Whites" or the "Reds".

Course of the Civil War

The first outbreaks of the Civil War in Russia date back to the period after the establishment of Soviet power (October 1917) in the form of local resistance to the establishment of local Bolshevik power.

Stage 1. Summer-autumn 1918 the greatest danger arose in the east of the country. In the spring of 1918, the Entente Military Council decided to use the Czechoslovak Corps to fight the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks tried to disarm the corps. This, as well as rumors that the corps was handed over to Germany, was the reason for the corps to act against the Soviet regime. On May 25, 1918, parts of the corps raised an uprising, and the rebellion covered the territory from Penza to Vladivostok. Since May 1918, Socialist-Revolutionary-Menshevik anti-Bolshevik governments have been created in the territories controlled by the corps. In Samara - KOMUCH (committee of the constituent assembly), in Yekaterinburg - the Socialist-Revolutionary Ural government with the participation of the Cadets, in Tomsk - the Socialist-Revolutionary-Cadet government of Siberia. The first center of organized resistance to the power of the Bolsheviks was Siberia (A.V. Kolchak). Before the Kolchak coup (November 1918), power in Omsk belonged to the Socialist-Revolutionary Directory. In total, about 30 regional governments have been created.

In June 1918, the EASTERN FRONT was formed, which united all Soviet troops that fought against the White Guards and interventionists in the Volga, Urals, and Siberia regions. Formed 5 armies of the Eastern Front.

In early September 1918, the troops of the eastern front went on the offensive against Kazan. After fierce fighting, on September 10, 1918, Kazan was taken by the Red Army, on September 12 - Simbirsk, on October 7 - Samara. There were battles for Tsaritsyn.

Formation of the Red Army.

Revolutionary Military Council.

In September 1918 - a law on universal military training.

April 1918 - the abolition of the election of command staff.

September 1918 - The Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic (headed by L.D. Trotsky) was created to direct military operations at the front.

To coordinate the actions of the front and rear, at the end of November 1918, the Council of Workers' and Peasants' Defense was established, in whose jurisdiction all the fullness of state power was concentrated. It was headed by V.I. Lenin.

The Red Army has 50,000 officers and generals of the tsarist army.

Stage 2. Autumn 1918 - spring 1920 In November 1918, Admiral A.V. Kolchak came to power in Siberia, proclaiming himself the supreme ruler of Russia.

By the spring of 1919, A.V. Kolchak created significant armed forces (400 thousand). Russia entered the most difficult stage of the war.

The Whites organized three large offensives against the Bolsheviks, which were poorly coordinated.

In March 1919, A.V. Kolchak launched an offensive from the Urals to the Volga. After the first successful operations, he did not undertake a maneuver to connect with the army of A.I. Denikin, did not coordinate his actions with the southern armies. He decided to advance to the east and be the first to enter Moscow.

This made it possible for the Bolsheviks to send their shock forces against Kolchak's army. At the end of April 1919, the troops of the Red Army under the command of L.B. Kamenev and M.V. Frunze went on the offensive. During July, they completely liberated the Urals from the Kolchakites and threw them back to Siberia. From August 1919, Soviet troops began the liberation of Siberia. By the beginning of 1920, the Kolchakites were defeated. The admiral was arrested and shot.

In order to divert the forces of the Red Army from the Eastern Front and alleviate the situation of A.V. Kolchak, in May 1919, the army of N.N. Yudenich launched an attack on Petrograd (it ended in failure).

The united forces of the south of Russia were created in January 1919 by the leader of the White movement A.I. Denikin. In the summer of 1919, the center of the armed struggle moved to the Southern Front. On June 3, 1919, the army of A.I. Denikin launched an offensive against Moscow. In September 1919, Kursk, Orel, Voronezh were captured.

In October 1919, N.N. Yudenich again launched an attack on Petrograd. On October 21, 1919, the troops of the Petrograd Front launched a counteroffensive and the army of N.N. Yudenich was defeated.

In October 1919, the troops of the Southern Front went on the offensive and defeated the formations of the Volunteer Army.

In March 1920, the entire Caucasus was liberated. The remnants of Denikin's army, led by Wrangel, fortified themselves in the Crimea. To fight the Wrangel troops, the Southern Front was created, commanded by M.V. Frunze. In 1920, the Red Army had to fight against the Polish troops that invaded Belarus and Ukraine. At the end of November 1920, the Red Army took the Crimea. In 1922, the Far East was finally liberated from the Japanese occupiers.

Outcome: The Bolsheviks won the Civil War and repelled foreign intervention. They managed to keep the main territory of the former Russian Empire. At the same time, Poland (with which a peace treaty was concluded in Riga in 1921), Finland, and the Baltic states seceded from Russia. Were lost Western Ukraine, Western Belarus, Bessarabia.

Major events of the civil war.

First stage: spring 1918

Civil War 1917-1922

- December 1918 - characterized by the formation of anti-Bolshevik centers and the beginning of active hostilities.

Main events:

March-April 1918- German occupation of Ukraine, the Baltic states and Crimea; in response, the Entente countries send their troops to the territory of Russia (England - to the Transcaucasian ports, France - to Odessa and Nikolaev, USA - to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, Japan - to the Far East);

May 1918 -mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps reason for the uprising Outcome- the simultaneous fall of Soviet power in the Urals and Siberia (along the entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway); served as a signal for the formation of anti-Bolshevik centers, the beginning of active hostilities (

July 1918

September 1918

November 1918- dispersal of Komuch by the troops of Admiral Kolchak, who declared himself the "supreme ruler of Russia" with the support of the Entente countries. The initiative in the counter-revolutionary camp passes to the military and the monarchists.

Outcome:

Large-scale hostilities begin.

Main events:

February-March 1919

April 1919- the counteroffensive of the Red Army (Tukhachevsky, Yegorov, Trotsky), the expulsion of Kolchak's troops beyond the Urals and their complete defeat by the end of 1919 (Kolchak himself was captured near Irkutsk and was shot); at the same time - Yudenich's first offensive against Petrograd (it was hardly repulsed);

July-September 1919

September-October 1919

October 1919

Outcome: Bolshevik preponderance The reason for her delay

Main events:

March 1919

April-October 1920- Soviet-Polish war: the invasion of Polish troops into Ukraine and the capture of Kyiv (April-May); retaliatory counteroffensive of the Red Army to Warsaw (Tukhachevsky, Budyonny); plans for the world campaign of the Red Army (what did they look like?) → counteroffensive of Polish troops with the support of the French → pushing the Red Army back to Ukraine ( cause: the exhaustion of the Red Army, the disagreements and rivalry between Tukhachevsky and Budyonny; hostile attitude of the Polish population (why?) Answer: perceived the arrival of the Red Army as an attempt to eliminate once again the independence of Poland).

September 1920

October 1920

November 1920

- Managed , despite the excesses of the surplus appropriation, with a promise to implement the decree on land after the victory in the war (the “whites” agrarian program was even worse, since it provided for the return of the occupied lands to the landowners).

–

–

–

– what the "whites" could not do. The main measures of this policy: the introduction of surplus appropriation (essentially, the confiscation of food from the peasants for the needs of the army), universal labor conscription (militarization of labor), the ban on private trade, the nationalization of medium and even small enterprises, the course towards the curtailment of commodity-money relations (which manifested itself ? Answer: in the prohibition of private trade, etc.), the over-centralization of economic management (the system of central administrations of the Supreme Council of National Economy).

Answer the question What was the dual nature of the policy of "war communism" manifested in?(a combination of military and ideological factors, which is reflected in the title).

7. The consequences of the civil war:

National and religious issues in Soviet Russia and the USSR in the 1920s-1940s. Soviet culture in the 1920s-1930s.

Sample response plan:

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The second stage of the Civil War (November 1918 - February 1919).

In the autumn of 1918, in connection with the end of the First World War, significant changes took place in the international arena. On November 11, an armistice was signed between the Entente countries and Germany. In accordance with the secret addition to it, the German troops remained in the occupied territories until the arrival of the Entente troops. These countries decided to unite to rid Russia of Bolshevism and its subsequent occupation. In Siberia, on November 18, 1918, Admiral Kolchak, with the support of the Allies, carried out a military coup, defeated the Ufa directory and became the temporary Supreme Ruler of Russia and the Supreme Commander of the Russian armies. On November 13, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted a resolution annulling the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

The resolution of the Central Committee of November 26 provided for the establishment of a revolutionary dictatorship at the front. New fronts were created.

The troops of the Caspian-Caucasian Front, under the command of the former Colonel Svechnikov, were faced with the task of clearing the North Caucasus of the White Guards and conquering the Transcaucasus. However, the Volunteer Army, led by General Denikin, preempted the armies of the front and launched a counteroffensive.

The Ukrainian front (Antonov-Ovseenko) in January-February 1919 occupied Kharkov, Kyiv, the left-bank Ukraine and reached the Dnieper. At the end of March, at the Paris Conference, a decision was made to evacuate the Allied troops. In April, they were withdrawn from the Crimea.

The troops of the Eastern Front (Kamenev) in December 1918 continued to advance on Uralsk, Orenburg, Ufa and Yekaterinburg. Ufa was liberated in the center of the Eastern Front on December 31, 1918. The troops of the First and Fourth armies in January-February advanced 100-150 km and captured Orenburg, Ural and Orsk.

In the Russian North, the Sixth Army of the Northern Front occupied Shenkursk in January 1919 and created favorable conditions for an attack on Arkhangelsk.

All these measures made it possible to achieve a turning point at the front in favor of the Red Army. The troops of the Southern Front (Slaven) in January 1919 went on the offensive, defeated the Don Army of General Denisov, and began to move deep into the region of the Don Cossacks.

In January 1919, General Denikin took measures to centralize the control of all anti-Soviet forces in the south of the country. By agreement with the ataman of the Don Army, General Krasnov, the Volunteer Army and the Don Army united into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (VSYUR).

At the end of February 1919, the High Command of the Red Army, proceeding from the prevailing situation, considered the fight against the combined forces of the Entente and the All-Union Socialist Republic to be the main tasks. In the north, it was planned to conduct active operations in the Arkhangelsk direction, in the east to seize Perm, Yekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk, and also to advance to Turkestan and the Transcaspian region. The high command of the Entente army believed that "the restoration of the regime of order in Russia is a purely national matter, which the Russian people themselves must carry out." Regarding its troops, the Entente, taking into account considerations of a moral (war-weary) and material order, intended to limit itself to sending only commanders, volunteers and military materials. Despite a very unflattering assessment of the anti-Bolshevik forces, in the spring of 1919 they made an attempt to consolidate their position. In early March, the troops of Admiral Kolchak (Siberian, Western, Ural, Orenburg armies and the Southern Army Group) suddenly went on the offensive. On March 14 they captured Ufa. On April 15, after stubborn fighting, the enemy captured Buguruslan. At the request of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), troops withdrawn from other fronts were sent to the Eastern Front. On April 28, the Southern Army Group of the Eastern Front launched a counteroffensive. She defeated the Western army and conquered Buguruslan. The northern group of the army of the Eastern Front, with the forces of the Second Army and the Volga military flotilla, then defeated the Siberian army, occupied Sarapul and Izhevsk. In August 1919, the Eastern Front, in order to further continue the offensive along diverging directions, was divided into two fronts - the Eastern and Turkestan. In January 1920, the troops of the Eastern Front completed the defeat of the army of Kolchak, who was arrested and shot. The Turkestan Front under the command of Frunze defeated the Southern Army of General Belov and in September joined the troops of the Turkestan Republic.

The troops of the Western Front in the spring of 1919 fought in Karelia, the Baltic states and Belarus against the Finnish, German, German, Polish, Estonian, Lithuanian, Latvian and White Guard troops. In mid-May, the offensive of the Northern Corps began in the Petrograd direction. The Whites managed to push back parts of the 7th Army and capture Gdov, Yamburg and Pskov. The governments of the Baltic countries agreed to start peace negotiations based on the recognition of their independence. On February 2, 1920, the signing of the Soviet-Estonian peace treaty took place in Yuryev. On March 14, 1919, the troops of the Ukrainian Front launched an offensive on the right-bank Ukraine. By the end of March, they managed to stop the advance of the UNR army, occupy Odessa on April 6, and capture Crimea by the end of the month. In June, the Ukrainian front was disbanded. The troops of the southern front managed to overcome the resistance of the armies of General Denikin and in April 1919 began to advance towards Bataysk and Tikhoretskaya.

At the same time, the troops of the front fought against the insurgent Cossacks, and the detachments of the “father Makhno”. Denikin took advantage of the complication in the rear of the Southern Front, his troops launched a counteroffensive in May and forced the armies of the Southern Front to leave the Donbass region, Donbass and part of Ukraine. In July, the southern front was preparing for a counteroffensive scheduled for 15 August. The command of the Don Army managed to obtain information about this operation. In order to disrupt the corps of General Mamontov on August 10, began a raid on the rear of the southern front. The southern front is defeated The Central Committee of the RCP (b) decides to strengthen the southern front at the expense of the troops of the western front. After unification, it was divided into South and Southeast. Measures were taken to bring the Cossacks to the side of the Soviet government. Southern front. Having received reinforcements, the Southern Front launched a counteroffensive. They occupied Orel, Voronezh, Kursk, Donbass, Tsaritsyn, Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. On April 4, 1920, Denikin handed over command of the remnants of his troops to Wrangel, who began to form a White Guard Russian army in the Crimea.

The fourth stage of the civil war (spring - autumn 1920).

By spring, the Red Army had defeated the main anti-Bolshevik forces, which strengthened the position of the RSFSR. The economic situation of the country continued to be difficult: food shortages, devastation of transport, downtime of factories and factories, typhus. March 29 On April 5, at the IX Congress of the RCP (b), a decision was made on a single economic plan. On April 25, 1920, the offensive of the Polish troops (Pilsudski) began; the army of the Southwestern Front suffered heavy losses. To support them, the troops of the Western Front (Tukhachevsky) launched an unsuccessful offensive on May 1. The troops of the Western and Southwestern Fronts continued to move towards Warsaw and Lvov.

Civil War in Russia 1917-1922. Causes, course of events, results

Both states signed a peace treaty on March 18, 1921. The High Command of the Red Army concentrated its efforts on the liquidation of Wrangel's Russian Army. The troops of the Southern Front (Frunze) launched a counteroffensive at the end of October 1920. On October 14-16, the armada of ships left the coast of the Crimea, thus Wrangel saved the broken white regiments from the red terror. In the European part of Russia, after the capture of the Crimea, the last white front was liquidated. Thus, Soviet power was established on a larger territory, the former Russian Empire. But hostilities on the outskirts of the country continued for many more months.

Results of the Civil War.

The outcome of the war, victorious for the Soviet authorities, did not bring peace to Russia. The war caused huge human losses (more than 13 million people were killed and died of starvation and disease). More than 2.5 million people emigrated abroad. In addition to huge human losses, the war caused significant damage to the national economy of the country. The total amount of damage to Russia amounted to 50 billion gold rubles. Industrial capacity fell to 20% of pre-war levels. More than £1 million worth of timber was removed alone. In addition, the war greatly influenced the moral state of Soviet society. The victory in the Civil War created geopolitical, social, ideological and political conditions for the further strengthening of the Bolshevik regime. Which meant the victory of the communist ideology, the dictatorship of the proletariat, the state form of ownership and led to a change in those trends that led Russia along the Western path of development.

Ticket 48.

The policy of "war communism".

war communism- the name of the internal policy of the Soviet state, carried out in 1918 - 1921. under the conditions of the Civil War. Its characteristic features were the extreme centralization of economic management, the nationalization of large, medium and even small industry (partially), the state monopoly on many agricultural products, the surplus appraisal, the prohibition of private trade, the curtailment of commodity-money relations, the equalization in the distribution of material wealth, the militarization of labor.

The main elements of "war communism":

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First stage: spring 1918 - December 1918- characterized by the formation of anti-Bolshevik centers and the beginning of active hostilities.

Main events:

March-April 1918- German occupation of Ukraine, the Baltic states and Crimea; in response, the Entente countries send their troops to the territory of Russia (England - to the Transcaucasian ports, France - to Odessa and Nikolaev, USA - to Arkhangelsk and Murmansk, Japan - to the Far East);

May 1918 -mutiny of the Czechoslovak corps(consisted of captured Czechs who went over to the side of the Entente, moved on echelons to Vladivostok with the aim of subsequent relocation on ships to France; reason for the uprising- an attempt by the Bolsheviks to disarm the corps, fulfilling the conditions of the Brest peace). Outcome- the simultaneous fall of Soviet power in the Urals and Siberia (along the entire length of the Trans-Siberian Railway); served as a signal for the formation of anti-Bolshevik centers, the beginning of active hostilities ( characteristic feature: initially the initiative belonged to the Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Cadets, and not to the monarchists);

July 1918- rebellions of the Left Social Revolutionaries in Moscow, Yaroslavl, Rybinsk and other cities of the central part of the country (suppressed);

September 1918- the creation in Ufa of the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly (Komuch), which declared itself the "supreme government";

November 1918- the defeat of Komuch by the troops of Admiral Kolchak, who declared himself the "supreme ruler of Russia" with the support of the Entente countries. The initiative in the counter-revolutionary camp passes to the military and the monarchists.

Outcome: by the end of 1918, the alignment of forces was finally taking shape; formed 4 main centers of the "white" movement:

1) Troops adm. Kolchak (Ural, Siberia).

2) The Armed Forces of the South of Russia, General Denikin (Don region, North Caucasus).

3) The Armed Forces of the North of Russia, General Miller (Arkhangelsk region).

4) The troops of General Yudenich in the Baltic.

Large-scale hostilities begin.

Second phase: January–December 1919- the climax of the civil war; relative equality of forces; large-scale operations on all fronts.

Main events:

February-March 1919- the general offensive of Kolchak's troops on Kazan and Moscow, the mobilization of all possible resources by the Bolsheviks;

April 1919- the counteroffensive of the Red Army (Tukhachevsky, Egorov), the displacement of Kolchak's troops beyond the Urals and their complete defeat by the end of 1919 (Kolchak himself was captured near Irkutsk and was shot); at the same time - Yudenich's first offensive against Petrograd (it was hardly repulsed);

July-September 1919- the general offensive of General Denikin on Moscow (maximum advance - to Orel);

September-October 1919- the counteroffensive of the Red Army (Frunze, Budyonny, Voroshilov); Denikin's troops were driven out to the Crimea and the North Caucasus; Denikin himself handed over command to Baron Wrangel and emigrated abroad;

October 1919- the second offensive of the troops of General Yudenich on Petrograd (unsuccessfully);

Outcome: by the end of 1919 there was a clear Bolshevik preponderance, in fact, the outcome of the war was a foregone conclusion.

Periodization: summer 1918 - autumn 1920.

The reason for her delay- Poland's attack on Ukraine with the aim of territorial expansion and diverting the attention of the Bolsheviks from the last major center of the "white" movement in the Crimea.

Third stage: January-November 1920- passed with a clear preponderance of the "Reds", the final defeat of the white movement.

Main events:

March 1919- the defeat of the troops of General Miller in the North of Russia;

April-October 1920. - Soviet-Polish war: the invasion of Polish troops into Ukraine and the capture of Kyiv (April-May); retaliatory counteroffensive of the Red Army to Warsaw (Tukhachevsky, Budyonny); plans for the world campaign of the Red Army (what did they look like?) → counteroffensive of Polish troops with the support of the French → pushing the Red Army back to Ukraine ( cause: the exhaustion of the Red Army, the disagreements and rivalry between Tukhachevsky and Budyonny; hostile attitude of the Polish population (why?)).

September 1920- the offensive of Wrangel's troops from the Crimea to Southern Ukraine → as a result, the Bolsheviks decide to make peace with Poland on any terms.

March 1921- The Riga Peace Treaty with Poland, unfavorable for Soviet Russia (Western Ukraine and Western Belarus were transferred to Poland), but troops were released for an offensive in the Crimea.

November 1920. - the offensive of the Red Army in the Crimea (Frunze) and the complete defeat of Wrangel's troops; the end of the civil war (although the fighting in the outskirts - the Far East and Central Asia continued until the mid-1920s).

6. Reasons for the victory of the "Reds" in the war:

- Managed win over the peasantry, despite the excesses of the surplus appropriation, with a promise to implement the decree on land after the victory in the war (the “whites” agrarian program was even worse, since it provided for the return of the occupied lands to the landowners).

– The lack of a unified command and plans for waging war among the "whites"(for the “Reds”, on the contrary, they have a compact territory, a single leader - Lenin, common plans for conducting military operations).

– Unsuccessful national policy of "whites"(the slogan “one and indivisible Russia” pushed away the national outskirts from them; the Bolsheviks, on the contrary, attracted them with the slogan of freedom of national self-determination).

– The "Whites" relied on the help of the Entente, that is, the interventionists and therefore, in the eyes of the population, they looked like their accomplices, as an anti-national force (this is the reason that almost half of the officers of the tsarist army went over to the side of the "Reds" as military experts).

– The "Reds" managed to mobilize all resources with the help of the policy of "war communism", what the "whites" could not do. The main measures of this policy: the introduction of surplus appropriation (essentially, the confiscation of food from the peasants for the needs of the army), universal labor conscription (militarization of labor), the ban on private trade, the nationalization of medium and even small enterprises, the course towards the curtailment of commodity-money relations (which manifested itself in ?), over-centralization of economic management (the system of central administrations of the Supreme Council of National Economy).

Answer the question, what was the dual nature of the policy of "war communism" manifested in? (a combination of military and ideological factors, which is reflected in the title).

7.Consequences of the civil war:

- the most severe economic crisis, complete economic ruin (industrial production fell by 7 times, agricultural production - by 2 times);

- huge demographic losses (during the years of the First World War and the Civil War, about 10 million people died from hostilities, famine and epidemics);

- the final formation of the dictatorship of the Bolsheviks, while the harsh methods of governing the country during the civil war began to be considered as quite acceptable in peacetime.

National and religious issues in Soviet Russia and the USSR in the 1920s-1940s.

The national question in Soviet Russia and the USSR in the 1920s - 40s. Education of the USSR. The religious question in the USSR in the 20-40s.

Sample response plan:

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Civil war and foreign intervention in Russia

The civil war that unfolded on the territory of the former Russian Empire was a fierce armed struggle for power between representatives of various social strata and groups of Russian society, led by various political parties standing on opposite platforms. The peculiarity of the Civil War in Russia was primarily large-scale participation in it of foreign powers, having both direct and indirect influence on the course of the struggle. The armed support by the Entente countries of the Russian White movement played a significant role in unleashing and dragging out the bloody events of this tragic period in the history of our Fatherland.

The periodization of the Civil War is still a controversial issue. In general, its scale and duration were due to the structural socio-political cataclysm, which plunged virtually all layers and groups of the multinational Russian society. Based on this provision, we can say that the course of the armed struggle between the "reds" and "whites", which actually defines the very concept of "war" as a way of resolving political contradictions, or rather, the confrontation between the warring armies and the transfer of the country's economy to a war footing, covers the period from the summer of 1918 to the end of 1920. Within the framework of this tense period, four main stages are quite clearly distinguished. The whole stormy palette of events, starting with the collapse of the autocracy and the victory of Bolshevism during the October armed coup of 1917 and until the summer of 1918, which included political crises and local military clashes (skirmishes, rebellions, uprisings) of the Bolsheviks and their opponents, is a period " "crawling" of the country into the Civil War, i.e. its prologue, and the time from 1921 until the formation of the USSR in December 1922 - its epilogue, when the armed struggle continued only in certain regions and on the outskirts of Russia, not being the defining leitmotif of state-political development.

The first stage of the Civil War (late May - November 1918)

In May - August 1918 there was an uprising of "White Czechs". At the end of May 1918, the situation in the east of the country sharply escalated, where units of the Czechoslovak Corps were located, which, by agreement of the Entente countries with the government of the RSFSR, was declared part of the French army and was subject to evacuation to France through Vladivostok, subject to the surrender of weapons. However, the violation of this agreement by the command of the corps and the attempts of local Soviets to disarm the corps led to armed conflicts. On the night of May 26, 1918, the Czechoslovak units launched an armed uprising and soon, together with the White Guard formations, captured almost the entire Trans-Siberian Railway. Soviet power in the Volga region, Siberia and the Far East in the areas occupied by parts of the Czechoslovaks was overthrown. The uprising of the Czechoslovak Corps forced the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia on June 13, 1918, to create the Revolutionary Military Council of the Eastern Front to fight it. In August, an attempt by the troops of the front to go on the offensive ended in failure. After the regrouping of forces, the troops of the Eastern Front began a new operation and, within two autumn months, captured the Middle Volga and Kama regions.

In order to support the "White Czechs" and establish control over Siberia, the Supreme Council of the Entente on July 2, 1918 decided to start a broad intervention in Russia. On July 6, representatives of the command of the interventionist troops in the Far East published a declaration on the establishment of temporary power in Vladivostok and its environs. On the same day, an agreement was signed in Murmansk between representatives of the Entente countries and the presidium of the Murmansk Regional Council on the joint defense of the region from the powers of the Quadruple Alliance. On July 17, the US State Department issued a memorandum on the admissibility of hostilities in Russia. On August 2, 1918, the Social Revolutionaries and Cadets, with the help of British intelligence, carried out an anti-Bolshevik coup in Arkhangelsk. The Supreme Administration of the Northern Region was formed, headed by N.V. Tchaikovsky. Soon Arkhangelsk was occupied by 1,000 British, French and American soldiers and sailors. At the same time, at the invitation of the Dictatorship of the Central Caspian, created after the fall of the Baku Commune, British troops were brought into Baku. At the same time, 26 Baku commissars were arrested and shot in September 1918. However, in the same month, Turkish troops captured Baku after short battles. On the Southern Front, the Red Army fought heavy battles against the Don Army near Tsaritsyn and Voronezh, while the troops of the Northern Front defended themselves in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk directions. The Red Army of the North Caucasus, under the onslaught of the Volunteer Army, left its western part.

One of the important events of this period was the uprising of the Left SRs. Considering the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a betrayal of the interests of the world revolution, they decided to return to the tactics of individual terror, and then to "central" terror. The Central Committee of the Left SR Party planned to execute the most prominent representatives of German imperialism. At the Third Congress of the Party of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries (end of June 1918), a directive was given to the Central Committee to contribute in every possible way to the dissolution of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The first victim of the Left SRs on July 6, 1918 was the German ambassador in Moscow, Count Wilhelm von Mirbach. In an effort to prevent a break in the peace treaty with Germany, the Bolsheviks arrested the entire Left SR faction present at the Fifth All-Russian Congress of Soviets (July 4-10), and on July 7 they defeated the Cheka detachment, in which most of the leadership was represented by Left SRs. However, this could not stop the rebellion that began throughout the country. Thus, in July 1918, members of Savinkov's "Union for the Defense of the Motherland and Freedom" revolted in Yaroslavl, and the commander of the Soviet troops of the Eastern Front, the Socialist-Revolutionary M.A. Muravyov, ordered that weapons be turned against the German troops. Anti-Bolshevik uprisings swept literally throughout the country. Under these conditions, under the pretext of the threat of the capture of Yekaterinburg by the White Guards, on July 18, 1918, by order from Moscow, the former Emperor Nicholas II and members of his family, who were in prison, were shot and secretly buried.

In August 1918, the chairman of the Petrograd Cheka, M. S. Uritsky, was killed by the Left Social Revolutionaries, and V. I. Lenin was seriously wounded in Moscow. The wave of terror that swept through the Soviet Republic served as the basis for the adoption by the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on September 5, 1918 of the resolution "On red terror". It required "to ensure the rear by terror, to shoot all persons involved in White Guard organizations, conspiracies and rebellions, to isolate all class enemies in concentration camps."

The goals of the White movement were: the liberation of Russia from the Bolshevik dictatorship, the unity and territorial integrity of Russia, the convening of a new Constituent Assembly to determine the state structure of the country.

Contrary to popular belief, the monarchists were only a small part of the White movement. The White movement was made up of forces heterogeneous in their political composition, but united in the idea of ​​rejection of Bolshevism. Such was, for example, the Samara government, "Komuch", in which representatives of the left parties played a large role.

A big problem for Denikin and Kolchak was the separatism of the Cossacks, especially the Kuban. Although the Cossacks were the most organized and worst enemies of the Bolsheviks, they sought, first of all, to liberate their Cossack territories from the Bolsheviks, hardly obeyed the central government and were reluctant to fight outside their lands.

Military actions

Wrestling in the South of Russia

The core of the White movement in southern Russia was the Volunteer Army, created under the leadership of Generals Alekseev and Kornilov in Novocherkassk. The region of the initial actions of the Volunteer Army was the Donskoy Region and the Kuban. After the death of General Kornilov during the siege of Yekaterinodar, the command of the white forces passed to General Denikin. In June 1918, the 8,000-strong Volunteer Army began its second campaign against the Kuban, which had completely rebelled against the Bolsheviks. Having defeated the Kuban grouping of the Reds as part of three armies, volunteers and Cossacks take Yekaterinodar on August 17, and by the end of August they completely clear the territory of the Kuban army from the Bolsheviks (see also Deployment of the war in the South).

In the winter of 1918-1919, Denikin's troops established control over the North Caucasus, defeating and destroying the 90,000-strong 11th Red Army operating there. Having repulsed the offensive of the Southern Front of the Reds (100 thousand bayonets and sabers) in the Donbass and Manych in March-May, on May 17, 1919, the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (70 thousand bayonets and sabers) launched a counteroffensive. They broke through the front and, having inflicted a heavy defeat on the units of the Red Army, by the end of June they captured the Donbass, Crimea, June 24 - Kharkov, June 27 - Yekaterinoslav, June 30 - Tsaritsyn. On July 3, Denikin set his troops the task of capturing Moscow.

During the attack on Moscow (for details, see Denikin's campaign against Moscow) in the summer and autumn of 1919, the 1st Corps of the Volunteer Army under the command of General. Kutepov took Kursk (September 20), Orel (October 13) and began moving to Tula. October 6, parts of the gene. Skins occupied Voronezh. However, White did not have enough strength to develop success. Since the main provinces and industrial cities of central Russia were in the hands of the Reds, the latter had an advantage both in the number of troops and in weapons. In addition, Makhno, having broken through the White front in the Uman region, with his raid in Ukraine in October 1919, destroyed the rear of the All-Union Socialist League and diverted significant forces of the Volunteer Army from the front. As a result, the attack on Moscow failed and, under the onslaught of the superior forces of the Red Army, Denikin's troops began to retreat to the south.

On January 10, 1920, the Reds occupied Rostov-on-Don, a major center that opened the way to the Kuban, and on March 17, 1920, Yekaterinodar. The Whites fought back to Novorossiysk, and from there they crossed by sea to the Crimea. Denikin resigned and left Russia (for more details, see Battle of the Kuban).

Thus, by the beginning of 1920, Crimea turned out to be the last bastion of the White movement in southern Russia (for more details, see Crimea - the last bastion of the White movement). The command of the army was taken by Gen. Wrangell. The number of Wrangel's army in the middle of 1920 was about 25 thousand people. In the summer of 1920, the Russian army of Wrangel launched a successful offensive in Northern Tavria. In June, Melitopol was occupied, significant Red forces were defeated, in particular, the cavalry corps of Zhloba was destroyed. In August, an amphibious landing on the Kuban was undertaken, under the command of Gen. S. G. Ulagaya, however, this operation ended in failure.

On the northern front of the Russian army throughout the summer of 1920, stubborn battles were going on in Northern Tavria. Despite some successes of the Whites (Alexandrovsk was occupied), the Reds, in the course of stubborn battles, occupied a strategic foothold on the left bank of the Dnieper near Kakhovka, creating a threat to Perekop.

The position of the Crimea was facilitated by the fact that in the spring and summer of 1920 large Red forces were diverted to the west, in the war with Poland. However, at the end of August 1920, the Red Army near Warsaw was defeated, and on October 12, 1920, the Poles signed a truce with the Bolsheviks, and Lenin's government threw all its forces into the fight against the White Army. In addition to the main forces of the Red Army, the Bolsheviks managed to win over Makhno's army, which also took part in the storming of the Crimea. The location of the troops at the beginning of the Perekop operation (on November 5, 1920)

To storm the Crimea, the Reds pulled together huge forces (up to 200 thousand people against 35 thousand for the Whites). The attack on Perekop began on 7 November. The battles were distinguished by extraordinary tenacity on both sides and were accompanied by unprecedented losses. Despite the gigantic superiority in manpower and weapons, the Red troops could not break the defense of the Crimean defenders for several days, and only after, having forded the shallow Chongar Strait, the units of the Red Army and Makhno’s allied detachments entered the rear of the main positions of the Whites (see. diagram), and on November 11, the Makhnovists under Karpova Balka defeated the cavalry corps of Borbovich, the defense of the whites was broken through. The Red Army broke into the Crimea. Wrangel's army and many civilian refugees on the ships of the Black Sea Fleet were evacuated to Constantinople. The total number of those who left the Crimea was about 150 thousand people.

Workers' and Peasants' Red Army

The Red Army, the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army (Red Army) - the official name of the Ground Forces and the Air Force, which, together with the Navy, Border Troops, Internal Guard Troops and the State Escort Guard, made up the Armed Forces of the USSR from January 15, 1918 to February 1946. February 23, 1918 is considered the birthday of the Red Army - the day when the German offensive on Petrograd was stopped and the armistice was signed (see Defender of the Fatherland Day). The first leader of the Red Army was Leon Trotsky.

Since February 1946 - the Soviet Army, the term "Soviet Army" meant all types of the Armed Forces of the USSR, except for the Navy.

The size of the Red Army has varied over time, from the largest army in history in the 1940s, until the collapse of the USSR in 1991. The size of the People's Liberation Army of China at some periods exceeded the size of the Red Army.

Intervention

Intervention is the military intervention of foreign states in the civil war in Russia.

The beginning of the intervention

Immediately after the October Revolution, during which the Bolsheviks came to power, the "Decree on Peace" was announced - Soviet Russia withdrew from the First World War. The territory of Russia broke up into several territorial-national formations. Poland, Finland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, the Don and Transcaucasia were occupied by German troops.

Under these conditions, the Entente countries, which continued the war with Germany, began to land their troops in the North and East of Russia. On December 3, 1917, a special conference was held with the participation of the United States, England, France and their allied countries, at which a decision was made on military intervention. On March 1, 1918, the Murmansk Soviet sent a request to the Council of People's Commissars, asking in what form it was possible to accept military assistance from the allies, proposed by the British Rear Admiral Kemp. Kemp suggested landing British troops in Murmansk to protect the city and the railway from possible attacks by the Germans and White Finns from Finland. In response, Trotsky, who served as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, sent a telegram.

On March 6, 1918, a detachment of 150 British marines with two guns landed from the English battleship Glory in Murmansk. This was the beginning of the intervention. The next day, the British cruiser Cochran appeared on the Murmansk roadstead, on March 18 - the French cruiser Admiral Ob, and on May 27 - the American cruiser Olympia.

Continued intervention

On June 30, the Murmansk Soviet, with the support of the interventionists, decided to break off relations with Moscow. On March 15-16, 1918, a military conference of the Entente was held in London, at which the question of intervention was discussed. In the conditions of the beginning of the German offensive on the western front, it was decided not to send large forces to Russia. In June, another 1,500 British and 100 American soldiers landed in Murmansk.

August 1, 1918 British troops landed in Vladivostok. On August 2, 1918, with the help of a squadron of 17 warships, a 9,000-strong Entente detachment landed in Arkhangelsk. Already on August 2, the interventionists, with the help of white forces, captured Arkhangelsk. In fact, the invaders were the masters. They established a colonial regime; declared martial law, introduced courts-martial, during the occupation they took out 2,686 thousand pounds of various cargoes totaling over 950 million rubles in gold. The entire military, commercial and fishing fleet of the North became the prey of the interventionists. American troops performed the functions of punishers. Over 50 thousand Soviet citizens (more than 10% of the total controlled population) were thrown into the prisons of Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Pechenga, Iokanga. Only in the Arkhangelsk provincial prison, 8 thousand people were shot, 1020 died of hunger, cold and epidemics. Due to the lack of prison space, the battleship Chesma, plundered by the British, was turned into a floating prison. All interventionist forces in the North were under British command. The commander was first General Poole, and then General Ironside.

On August 3, the US War Department orders General Graves to intervene in Russia and send the 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments to Vladivostok, as well as volunteers from the 13th and 62nd Graves Regiments in California. In total, the United States landed about 7,950 soldiers in the East and about 5,000 in northern Russia. According to incomplete data, the United States spent more than $25 million just on the maintenance of its troops - without a fleet and help to the whites. At the same time, the US Consul in Vladivostok, Caldwell, is informed: "The government has officially committed itself to helping Kolchak with equipment and food ...". The United States transfers to Kolchak loans issued and unused by the Provisional Government in the amount of $ 262 million, as well as weapons in the amount of $ 110 million. In the first half of 1919, Kolchak received more than 250 thousand rifles, thousands of guns and machine guns from the USA. The Red Cross supplies 300 thousand sets of linen and other property. On May 20, 1919, 640 wagons and 11 steam locomotives were sent to Kolchak from Vladivostok, on June 10 - 240,000 pairs of boots, on June 26 - 12 steam locomotives with spare parts, on July 3 - two hundred guns with shells, on July 18 - 18 steam locomotives, etc. This just a few facts. However, when in the fall of 1919 rifles purchased by the Kolchak government in the USA began to arrive in Vladivostok on American ships, Graves refused to send them further by rail. He justified his actions by saying that the weapon could fall into the hands of units of Ataman Kalmykov, who, according to Graves, with the moral support of the Japanese, was preparing to attack American units. Under pressure from other allies, he nevertheless sent weapons to Irkutsk.

After the defeat of Germany in the First World War, German troops were withdrawn from the territory of Russia and at some points (Sevastopol, Odessa) were replaced by the troops of the Entente.

In total, among the participants in the intervention in the RSFSR and Transcaucasia, there are 14 states. Among the interventionists were France, the United States, Great Britain, Japan, Poland, Romania, and others. The interventionists either sought to seize part of Russian territory (Romania, Japan, Turkey), or to obtain significant economic privileges from the Whites supported by them (England, the United States, France, etc.). ). So, for example, on February 19, 1920, Prince Kurakin and General Miller, in exchange for military assistance, gave the British the right to exploit all the natural resources of the Kola Peninsula for 99 years. The goals of different interventionists were often opposite to each other. For example, the United States opposed Japan's attempts to annex the Russian Far East.

On August 18, 1919, 7 British torpedo boats attacked the ships of the Red Baltic Fleet in Kronstadt. They torpedoed the battleship "Andrew the First-Called" and the old cruiser "Memory of Azov".

The interventionists practically did not engage in battles with the Red Army, limiting themselves to supporting white formations. But the supply of weapons and equipment to whites was also often fictitious. AI Kuprin wrote in his memoirs about the supply of Yudenich's army by the British.

In January 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, the Allies decided to abandon their plans for intervention. A major role in this was played by the fact that the Soviet representative Litvinov, at a meeting with the American diplomat Bucket, held in January 1919 in Stockholm, announced the readiness of the Soviet government to pay pre-revolutionary debts, provide the Entente countries with concessions in Soviet Russia, and recognize the independence of Finland, Poland and the countries Transcaucasia in the event of termination of the intervention. Lenin and Chicherin conveyed the same proposal to the American representative Bullitt when he arrived in Moscow. The Soviet government clearly had more to offer the Entente than its opponents. In the summer of 1919, 12 thousand British, American and French troops stationed in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk were evacuated from there.

By 1920, the interventionists left the territory of the RSFSR. Only in the Far East did they hold out until 1922. The last regions of the USSR liberated from the interventionists were Wrangel Island (1924) and Northern Sakhalin (1925).

List of powers that took part in the intervention

The most numerous and well-motivated were the troops of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain and Japan, and Poland. The personnel of the other powers poorly understood the need for their presence in Russia. In addition, French troops by 1919 are facing the danger of revolutionary ferment under the influence of events in Russia.

Significant contradictions were observed between the various interventionists; after the defeat of Germany and Austria-Hungary in the war, their units were withdrawn, in addition, in the Far East there were noticeable frictions between the Japanese and British-American interventionists.

Central Powers

German Empire

• Part of European Russia

  the Baltic States

  Austro-Hungarian Empire

  From 1964 to 1980 Kosygin was chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers.

  Under Khrushchev and Brezhnev, Gromyko was Minister of Foreign Affairs.

  After the death of Brezhnev, Andropov took over the leadership of the country. Gorbachev was the first president of the USSR. Sakharov - Soviet scientist, nuclear physicist, creator of the hydrogen bomb. Active fighter for human and civil rights, pacifist, Nobel Prize winner, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

  Founders and leaders of the democratic movement in the USSR in the late 80s: A. Sobchak, N. Travkin, G. Starovoitova, G. Popov, A. Kazannik.

  Leaders of the most influential factions in the modern State Duma: V.V. Zhirinovsky, G.A. Yavlinsky; G.A. Zyuganov; V.I.Anpilov.

  US leaders who participated in Soviet-American negotiations in the 80s: Reagan, Bush.

  The leaders of European states who contributed to the improvement of relations with the USSR in the 80s: Thatcher.

  Terminological dictionary

  Anarchism- a political theory, the purpose of which is the establishment of anarchy (Greek αναρχία - anarchy), in other words, the creation of a society in which individuals freely cooperate as equals. As such, anarchism opposes any form of hierarchical control and domination.

  Entente(French entente - consent) - the military-political bloc of England, France and Russia, otherwise called the "Triple Consent"; formed mainly in 1904-1907 and completed the delimitation of the great powers on the eve of the First World War. The term originated in 1904 originally to refer to an Anglo-French alliance, with the expression l'entente cordiale ("cordial consent") in memory of a short Anglo-French alliance in the 1840s, which bore the same name.

  Bolshevik- a member of the left (revolutionary) wing of the RSDLP after the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks. Subsequently, the Bolsheviks separated into a separate party of the RSDLP (b). The word "Bolshevik" reflects the fact that Lenin's supporters were in the majority in the elections of the leading bodies at the second party congress in 1903.

  Budyonovka- a Red Army cloth helmet of a special pattern, a uniform headdress for servicemen of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army.

  White army, or White movement(the names “White Guard”, “White Cause” are also used) - the collective name of political movements, organizations and military formations that opposed the Bolsheviks during the Civil War in Russia.

  Blockade- actions aimed at isolating an object by cutting off its external links. Military blockade Economic blockade Blockade of Leningrad during the Great Patriotic War.

  Great Patriotic War (WWII)- Soviet Union 1941-1945 - the war of the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany and its European allies (Hungary, Italy, Romania, Finland, Slovakia, Croatia); the most important and decisive part of the Second World War.

  All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), the highest legislative, administrative and controlling body of state power of the RSFSR in 1917-1937. He was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and acted in the periods between congresses. Before the formation of the USSR, it also included members from the Ukrainian SSR and the BSSR, who were elected at the republican congresses of Soviets.

  State Defense Committee- an emergency management body created during the Great Patriotic War in the USSR.

  GOELRO(abbreviation for the State Commission for the Electrification of Russia) - a body created to develop a project for the electrification of Russia after the revolution of 1917. The abbreviation is often also deciphered as the State Plan for the Electrification of Russia, that is, the product of the GOELRO commission, which became the first long-term plan for the development of the economy, adopted and implemented in Russia after the revolution.

  Decree(lat. decretum resolution from decernere - to decide) - a legal act, a decision of an authority or official.

  Intervention- military intervention of foreign states in the civil war in Russia.

  Committee of the Poor (Combed)- an organ of Soviet power in rural areas during the years of "War Communism". Were created by decrees of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee 1) the distribution of bread, basic necessities and agricultural implements; 2) assisting local food authorities in seizing grain surpluses from the hands of the kulaks and the rich, and the interest of the Kombeds was obvious, because the more they took away, the more they themselves had from it.

  Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU)- the ruling political party in the Soviet Union. Founded in 1898 as the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). The Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP - RSDLP (b) played a decisive role in the October Revolution of 1917, which led to the formation of a socialist system in Russia. Since the mid-1920s, after the introduction of the one-party system, the Communist Party has been the only party in the country. Despite the fact that the party did not formally form a party government, its actual ruling status as the leading and guiding force of Soviet society and the one-party system of the USSR were legally enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR. The party was dissolved and banned in 1991, however, on July 9, 1992, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU was held, and on October 10, 1992, the XX All-Union Conference of the CPSU was held, and then the Organizing Committee was created to hold the XXIX Congress of the CPSU. The 29th Congress of the CPSU (March 26-27, 1993, Moscow) transformed the CPSU into the SKP-CPSU (Union of Communist Parties - Communist Party of the Soviet Union). At present, the SKP-CPSU rather plays the role of a coordinating and information center, and this is due both to the positions of a number of leaders of individual communist parties, and to the objective conditions of the growing disintegration and disunity of the former Soviet republics.

  Comintern- Communist International, 3rd International - in 1919-1943. An international organization that united the communist parties of various countries. Founded by 28 organizations on the initiative of the RCP(b) and personally Vladimir Ilyich Lenin for the development and dissemination of the ideas of revolutionary international socialism, as opposed to the reformist socialism of the Second International, the final break with which was caused by the difference in positions regarding the First World War and the October Revolution in Russia. After Stalin came to power in the USSR, the organization served as a conductor of the interests of the USSR, as Stalin understood them.

  Manifesto(from late Latin manifestum - appeal) 1) A special act of the head of state or the highest body of state power, addressed to the population. Adopted in connection with any important political event, solemn date, etc. 2) Appeal, declaration of a political party, public organization, containing a program and principles of activity. 3) A written statement of the literary or artistic principles of any direction or group in literature and art.

  People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD)- the central body of state administration of the Soviet state (RSFSR, USSR) for combating crime and maintaining public order in 1917-1946, later renamed the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR.

  Nationalization- transfer of land, industrial enterprises, banks, transport and other property belonging to private individuals or joint-stock companies into the ownership of the state. It can be carried out through gratuitous expropriation, full or partial redemption.

  Insurgent Army of Ukraine- armed formations of anarchist peasants in Ukraine in 1918 - 1921 during the Civil War in Russia. Better known as "Makhnovists"

  Red Army, Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army(Red Army) - the official name of the Ground Forces and Air Force, which, together with the Navy, Border Troops, Internal Security Forces and the State Escort Guard, made up the Armed Forces of the USSR from January 15, 1918 to February 1946. February 23, 1918 is considered the birthday of the Red Army - the day when the German offensive on Petrograd was stopped and the armistice was signed (see Defender of the Fatherland Day). The first leader of the Red Army was Leon Trotsky.

  Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (SNK, Council of People's Commissars)- from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946, the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of its existence also legislative) body of the USSR, its government (in each union and autonomous republic there was also a Council of People's Commissars, for example, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR).

  Revolutionary military council(Revolutionary Military Council, RVS, R.V.S.) - the highest collegial body of military power and political leadership of the armies, fronts, fleets of the Armed Forces of the RSFSR in 1918-1921.

  Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate (Rabkrin, RKI)- the system of authorities dealing with issues of state control. The system was headed by the People's Commissariat

  Trade unions (trade unions)- a voluntary public association of citizens connected by common interests by the nature of their activities in production, in the service sector and culture. The association is created with the aim of representing and protecting the social and labor rights and interests of the participants.

  Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union(until the spring of 1917: Central Committee of the RSDLP; 1917-1918 Central Committee of the RSDLP (b); 1918-1925 Central Committee of the RCP (b); 1925-1952 Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks) - the highest party body in the intervals between party congresses. The record number of members of the Central Committee of the CPSU (412 members) was elected at the XXVIII Congress of the CPSU (1990).

The question of the date of the beginning of the civil war remains debatable in Russian historical science. The first armed clashes between political opponents within the country took place as early as 1917 (the February coup, the suppression of the July uprising of the Bolsheviks, etc.). After the Bolsheviks came to power, such clashes became more frequent and more violent. The fighting in Moscow between the junkers and the Red Guards and the suppression of the advance of the Kerensky-Krasnov troops on Petrograd cost hundreds of lives and became harbingers of the future battles of the Civil War.

Following these events, the formation of the Volunteer Army began on the Don. The basis of this army was made up of officers of the former tsarist army, who disagreed with the coming to power of the Bolsheviks and their pro-German foreign policy. Generals headed the Dobrarmia M.V. Alekseev, L.G. Kornilov, A.P. Denikin. (The last two left the prison in Bykhov, where they were kept after the "Kornilov rebellion"). Pursued by superior forces of the Red Volunteers in February 1918 made a heroic ice hike from Don to Kuban. From the complete annihilation of the Volunteers was saved by the uprising of the rich Kuban and Don Cossacks, who saw the Bolsheviks as a threat to their primordial rights and privileges. This is how the first hearth was formed. white movement in Russia - Southern Front G.v.

The second focus of the struggle against Bolshevism arose in the Ukraine. There, with the support of the Germans, the power of the Central Rada was established, which consisted mainly of representatives of the nationalist and left-wing (cadets, socialist-revolutionaries, etc.) parties. On March 1, 1917, the troops of the Central Rada occupied Kyiv. The Red armies had to leave Ukraine. According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Ukraine was occupied by German troops.

The third front of the Civil War arose in Siberia. Here, the uprising against the Bolsheviks was raised by the 30,000-strong Czechoslovak Corps. It was formed during the First World War from captured soldiers and officers of the Austro-Hungarian army. According to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the corps was to be disarmed and leave Russia. Trains with Czechs were sent to Vladivostok along the Trans-Siberian Railway. An attempt to disarm them May 1918 led to an uprising, tk. the Czechoslovaks were afraid of extradition to the Austrians, where they would be tried for desertion and treason. A small but well-trained and close-knit detachment of Czechs easily seized power in the Siberian cities. With the support of the Czechoslovaks, several White Guard governments were formed. The most famous - Komuch (Committee of members of the Constituent Assembly) - in Samara, the Ural Regional Government - in Yekaterinburg. The provisional Siberian government is in Omsk. These governments began to organize their white armies. Thus formed Eastern Front G.v.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk became the pretext for the intervention of the Entente countries against Soviet Russia. Landing forces of the former allies landed in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Vladivostok. Created with the support of the British, the “Supreme Administration of the Northern Region”, headed by the Socialist-Revolutionary Tchaikovsky N.V., began hostilities against the Soviets, forming Northern Front G.v.

Once in the ring of fronts, the Soviet government took vigorous measures to organize Red Army. The first parts were formed on a voluntary basis. But in the face of a real danger of losing power, the Bolsheviks returned to the practice of mobilization, which had been criticized before the revolution. In June 1918, several hundred thousand people, including former officers, were mobilized into the Red Army. This doubled the size of the army, but desertion and defection to the side of the enemy increased. Tough measures were used to restore order, up to and including execution. Headed the organization of the Red Army L.D. Trotsky .

Main fighting at the first stage, they took place on the southern and eastern fronts. (In the west and north, the Whites were directly supported by the troops of the interventionists, with whom the Reds did not want to enter into a direct confrontation. But the help of the allies to the Whites was not sufficient to organize the offensive).

The main danger to Soviet Russia in the summer of 1918 came from the east. After the capture by the Whites and Czechs Kazan in their hands was half the gold reserves of the Russian Empire. Red divisions organized during mobilization were transferred to the eastern front. Revolts broke out in the rear of the warring armies. In the rear of the whites, red partisan detachments operated, among which a detachment under the command of VC. Blucher. Behind Red lines Yaroslavl Rybinsk and Murom, the uprisings were organized by the Social Revolutionaries led by B.V. Savinkov. The uprisings were brutally suppressed.

After the murder August 30, 1918 socialist-revolutionaries of the head of the Moscow Cheka M. Uritsky assassination attempt on the same day V.I Lenin The Bolsheviks adopted a decree on the organization Red terror. Thousands of innocent representatives of the "bourgeoisie" suffered from it, which included both the intelligentsia and wealthy peasants, and even some of the skilled workers, as well as members of their families. On July 17, the family of the last tsar was shot in Yekaterinburg Nicholas II.

In September-October 1918, the Reds managed to go on the offensive on the eastern front. As a result, Soviet power was restored in the Middle Volga region, the front moved to the Urals. The army under the command of M.N. Tukhachevsky .

On the southern front the main events unfolded in the North Caucasus and the Lower Volga. After the death of L.G. Kornilov led the Volunteer Army A.P. Denikin. She acted in alliance with the Ataman's Don Army P.N. Krasnova . Large forces of white and red converged at Tsaritsin, the defense of which was led by the commander K.E. Voroshilov and commissioner I.V. Stalin . At the cost of heavy losses, the Reds managed to defend the city, preventing the connection of the White armies on the Volga.